Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases

In English grammar, a  prepositional phrase is a group of words made up of a preposition (such as to, with, or across), its object (a noun or pronoun), and any of the objects modifiers (an article and/or an adjective). It is only a portion of a sentence and cannot stand on its own as a complete thought. Prepositional phrases often tell where something happened, when it happened, or help define a specific person or thing. Because of these functions, theyre often essential to understanding a sentence. Key Takeaways: Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases are groups of words starting with a preposition.Prepositional phrases often function as modifiers, describing nouns and verbs.Phrases cant stand alone. A prepositional phrase wont contain the subject of a sentence. Types of Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases can modify nouns, verbs, phrases, and complete clauses. Prepositional phrases can also be embedded inside other prepositional phrases. Modifying Nouns: Adjectival Phrases When a phrase modifies a noun or pronoun, its called an adjectival phrase. These types of phrases often specify a person or thing (what kind, whose). In context, they clarify a distinction between several possibilities. For example: Sheila is the runner with the fastest time. Its likely there are other runners who are slower, as the sentence is specifying who is the fastest. The phrase is modifying (describing) the noun runner. Adjectival phrases come directly after the noun they modify. The boy with the tall woman is her son. The phrase with the tall woman is specifying a certain boy; its an adjectival phrase. There could be other boys, but the one with the tall woman is the one thats being described. The boy is a noun phrase, so the prepositional phrase is an adjective. If we want to make the boy even more specific, wed further qualify it with an embedded phrase. The boy with the tall woman and the dog is her son. Presumably, there are multiple boys with tall women, so the sentence is specifying that this boy is with a tall woman who has a dog. Modifying Verbs: Adverbial Phrases Adverbs modify verbs, and sometimes the adverb is an entire adverbial phrase. These phrases often describe when, where, why, how, or two what extent something happened. This course is the most difficult in the state. The prepositional phrase specifies where. There might be other courses that are more difficult in other states, but this one is the most difficult here. Lets say its just one difficult course of several in the state, i.e., This course is among the most difficult in the state. The among phrase is an adjectival phrase modifying (describing) the course, and the final phrase remains adverbial, still telling where. She ran the marathon with pride on Saturday. The first prepositional phrase specifies how she ran (a verb), and the second specifies when. Both are adverbial phrases. List of Prepositions Here are some of the most commonly used prepositions in English. Be aware that just because a word in a sentence is on this list doesnt mean that its being used as a preposition in any particular context. Many of these words can also be other parts of speech, such as adverbs or subordinating conjunctions.   aboutbehindexceptoutsideabovebelowforoveracrossbeneathfrompastafterbesideinthroughagainstbetweeninsidetoalongbeyondintounderamongbynearuntilarounddespiteofupatdownoffwithbeforeduringonwithout   Preposition, Conjunction, or Adverb? To tell if a word is a preposition, look to see if it has an object. If theres a clause following it, youre likely dealing with a conjunction. If its at the end of a clause instead of the beginning (or the end of a sentence), its likely an adverb. After In the following example, there is no object following after, and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that after is a conjunction: After we ate, we went to the theater.In the following example, there is an object following after, which means it is used as a preposition: After lunch, we went to the game. Before In the following example, there is an object following before, which means it is used as a preposition: Youve put the cart before the horse.In the following example, there is no object following before; it is being used as an adverb: Ive heard that somewhere before.In the following example, there is no object following before and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that before is a conjunction: Come over before you leave. Out In the following example, there is an object following out, which means it is used as a preposition:  The cat followed the child out the door.In the following example, there is no object following out; it is being used as an adverb:  Would you like to go out for lunch? When these words are part of a verb phrase, theyre adverbs. You check out, look up, and call off something, so these words might appear to be prepositions with objects. But they cant be split off from their verbs. He checked out the book. Out the book is not a prepositional phrase, as you dont go out a book. Examining Your Writing If your writing often contains very long sentences, consider using prepositional phrases as a tool for reorganizing your work when revising. Too many prepositional phrases, however, can make a sentence difficult to understand. This issue can often be fixed by splitting a long sentence into two or three shorter sentences or moving the verb closer to its subject.

Police Officers Charged With The Death Of Eric Garner

ynopsis: The SVU begin work on a case in which a leader of the #BlackLivesMatter movement is sexually assaulted the day after a massive protest following the Grand Jury decisision not to indict the police officers charged with the death of Eric Garner. The case takes a twist when it is discovered that the leader who was assaulted is actually Fin Tutuola s son Ken s boyfriend. In Act 1 of our A plot, Detectives Stabler and Benson enter the precinct notably late. They inform their captain that they were held up because a protest had broken out in the streets of Manhattan and blocked traffic. Detective Tutuola begins to discuss the Supereme Court decision when a young black man enters the precinct, exclaiming that he has been sexually assaulted and wants to report the crime. Detective Tutuola and Benson begin to talk to the young man and learn his name, Alejandro Pavel . They learn that he was beaten and sexually assaulted by a group of men, they discuss how it may be a hate crime. Detect ive Benson and Stabler escort the victim to the hospital as Detective Tutuola begins to file and peruse all the evidence so far. In our B plot at the hospital, Stabler and Benson discuss the current atmosphere of police brutality and community outrage. Stabler believes that the #BlackLivesMatter movement is a modern day, hate group and a neiusence to actual police work. Benson on the other hand believes that while she may disagree with the anti-police sentiment of the group, sheShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Against African Americans Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality against African Americans was a huge impact in Los Angeles, California in 1991, and continues to be a problematic situation in America today. On March 3, 1991, a group of white LAPD beat Rodney King. After this incident occurred a lot of negative events started to transpire. A lot of African Americans were angry and demanded justice. 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It takes two forms which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes use of verbal language. Police officers have been granted the privilege of using â€Å"non-negotiable force† (Bittner 1970) to control citizens’ behavior and ensure p ublic order. Police useRead MorePolice Shootings And Its Effects On The United States1042 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the last two years there have been many police involved shootings where they have killed someone. Some say the cops where right and others say they were wrong in the situation. Are the police right in using deadly force instead of trying a different situation? When is it ok for police to use deadly force and are they right in doing so? In the past two years there have been multiple police shootings, which have been the main topic with police. Some have said that race has played a huge role

RAVE CULTURE Kentith Kaniff Essay Example For Students

RAVE CULTURE Kentith Kaniff Essay Rough draft ged-155This essay will explain rave culture. The reason that I chose to research and write on this topic is that I am involved with rave scene and enjoy going to raves. From researching this topic I discovered that rave culture displays many of lifes simple pleasures, such as dancing. Over the last 10-15 years, a new trend of parties has been evolving. These gatherings are known in the media as raves, and are often simply called parties by those attending them. A rave is an all night event where usually young people gather in a social atmosphere while listening to hypnotic dance music. These parties have slowly evolved into spectacles of total sensory overload. The first is the social aspects, unhindered freedom of expression of ones self through dance, dress or any other mean without fear of ridicule from others. The second is the dancing and its often quasi-spiritual effects on those partaking. The key to the success of raves is the positive atmosphere, or vibe. Raves are renowned for peoples acceptability and tolerance for others. They are safe havens for people who wish to be free from social pressures. Because of this, many ravers (person who attends these parties) are dressed differently then people you would normally see. Bright colors, clothing with different textures and feel, and generally clothes that is very comfortable to dance with. A sense of unity is formed between the partygoers; they attempt to form a community of sorts through there individuality. People feel free to go up to strangers and start up conversations. They also become very comfortable with everyone around them and try to share this feeling with others. This is a very important part of the whole Rave experience. When this occurs, then the party kids can truly feel free to be themselves in every way. This is something quite rare in todays commercialized society, which often dictates what is normal , and what isnt. Seen less and less as a spiritual tool and more as a form of entertainment. Today young people are re-discovering dancing and music in an experience much like people of the past through these all night parties. The music played at raves is very reminiscent of the pounding beats of hand drums, which are ancestors used to dance to. Young people, between the ages of 15-30, mainly attend these parties. At these parties the crowds of people are worked up into frenzies of energy, with people dancing hours on end without stopping. Another part of the rave experience is the lighting and surroundings. In the summertime many parties are held outside in desolate, and sometimes quite beautiful surroundings. Out on the West Coast of B.C., many of the parties during the summer are held up in the surrounding mountains of the lower mainland and around lakes. These serene settings all add to the utopian experiences created by a rave. During the winter months when it is to cold to hold a party outside, raves are held inside banquet halls, vacant buildings, or wherever a big enough size room can be found. Often these venues can be quite plain and boring in contrast to the vibrancy of a party. Stage type sets are brought in to conquer this dullness, usually with a theme associated with the party. The most important part of the backdrop for a party though is the lighting system. In order to fulfill total sensory overload, expensive laser light systems are brought in to aid the whole experience. These lighting systems can co st in the thousands of dollars and are often run by computers. As a DJ is building up the crowd so that they can go off, the lighting and lasers follow suit accordingly. When the DJ has the music peaking and the crowd is going off, the lasers and lights are usually shining as brightly as possible and are flaring off in every direction. .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .postImageUrl , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:visited , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:active { border:0!important; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:active , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Golden Rice EssayRaves are a medium for young people to get together, forgot about the problems in their everyday lives, escape from the world around them, and be free to be themselves for a short period of time. In Vancouver and many other Canadian cities, raving serves as an open-minded sanctuary from many young people. The Vancouver Rave Scene is different from many other American cities because of the fact that Canadian youth are allowed into drinking establishments much earlier than American youth. In Vancouver, many of the youth feel that the Bars and Clubs bring upon many superficial ideas. Raves serve as a place for these youths to have fun without being judged. Disco Family PlanBibliographyWork cited page first and rough copy1. WWW 1. E is for Ecstasy by Nicholas Saunders Chapter 32. WWW 2. Raves for Research or Psychedelic Researchers: the Next Generation. 3. WWW 3. MDMA Frequently Asked Questions4. WWW 4. MDMA Neuropharmacology5. WWW 5. Phase I MDMA Research Update September 19956. WWW 6. Ecstasy Facts and Myths7. WWW 7. Toxicity of Ecstasy by Leon van Aerts, Ph.D. 8. WWW 8. Spiritual uses of MDMA in traditional religion by Nicholas Saunders9. Aguirre, N et al. Differential regulation by ecstasy of 5-HT1A receptor density and mRNA expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and brain stem: the role of corticosteroids. Journal of Neurochemistry 68(3): 1099-1105 (1997). 10. McCann, U and Ricaurte, G. National Institutes of Health MDMA research controlled study of MDMAs neurotoxic potential in humans. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (Vol. 5 Number 5, 1994-1995). 11. McKenna, D and Peroutka, SJ. Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicity of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). Journal of Neurochemistry 54: 14-22 (1990). 12. Ricaurte, George. Long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on brain serotonin nerve cells in animals and humans. Addictions 1997: An International Research Journal (1997). 13. Ricaurte, G et al. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine selectively damages central serotonergic neurons in nonhuman primates. JAMA 260: 51-55. 1988.

Differences Similarities Between Prescriptive And Descriptive Strategies Schools Essay Example For Students

Differences Similarities Between Prescriptive And Descriptive Strategies Schools Essay In today ‘s competitory universe the word scheme has ne’er ceases in people ‘s oral cavity being single or organisation. Sometimes one hears that a certain scheme of a company has failed or it has succeeded, the word scheme is so influential but the inquiry is what does it intend? Scholes K et Al 2008 define scheme as a way and range of an organisation over the long term, which achieves advantage in altering environment through its constellation of resources and competencies with the purpose of carry throughing stakeholder outlooks. ( Scholes et al 2008 pp 2 ) While Baker define it as a frame work that provides counsel for actions to be taken and at the same clip it ‘s shaped by the action taken ( Baker J M 2007 pp 23 ), other say it ‘s a top direction ‘s programs to achieve results consistent with the organisation ‘s mission and ends ( Wright P et Al 1992 ) all these are the thoughts of what scheme means but at the terminal all are giving a n thought of something which can steer in the future accomplishment. So if a scheme is a program towards accomplishing a certain nonsubjective so concern scheme is a long term attack to implementing house ‘s concern programs to accomplish its concern aims, and strategic direction is concerned with associating a house to its environment in order to successfully run into long term aims. ( Meyer R A ; Wit B 2004, pp231 ) Strategy doing brings into play the critical managerial issue of how to accomplish the mark consequences in the visible radiation of organisation ‘s state of affairs and chances. Aims ever are the terminals and a scheme is the agencies to accomplish the terminals. A company scheme represents direction replies to such cardinal concern inquiries whether to concentrate in individual concern or construct a diversified group of concerns, whether to provide for a wide scope of clients or concentrate on a niche market, whether to develop a broad or narrow merchandise line, whether to prosecute competitory advantage with low cost or merchandise distinction. ( Strickland J and Thomson A. 2003, pp10 ) The direction needs to cognize different things in strategic direction particularly the constructs its holding which are the ends of a concern, the aims of how is that end traveling to be achieved and in conclusion reexamining the full procedure if the peculiar scheme is worthy it or non. Strategic direction allows an organisation to be more proactive than reactive in determining its ain hereafter, it allows an organisation to originate and act upon activities and therefore to exercise control over its ain fate and this benefit the organisation in be aftering for the hereafter development as it makes an consciousness of rivals schemes, consciousness of the menaces environing the organisation therefore being able to do other scheme for their endurance. ( Burgelman R et Al 2004 ) Every organisation or company position concern scheme in different ways, this is because each organisation ‘s formation and execution of its scheme varies. Some say concern scheme is a mixture of fortune and opinion or self-interest and design and others say it ‘s a more of an art than a scientific discipline all these positions depends on how people form, implement and reexamine its scheme. It can be said as fortune foremost of all fortune is a luck a success which it ‘s difficult to place how it has happened and it can non be explained logically. Some schemes are being formed in the company but are non being implemented still the company survive in the market whatever fierce the competition is. Example SEMCO a Brazilian who have no mission statement, regulation book or central offices illustration it allows its employees to put out the wages and do their ain marks but still it makes admirations in the market, still it grows by 30 % to 40 % this can be countered as fortune because the company has aims of being in the market but no scheme on how it ‘s traveling to last, ( www.freeonlineresearchpapers.com ) Besides if concern is runing in an environment where the degree of competition is high, it has to explicate some schemes on how to over win its rivals. But sometimes, these schemes may neglect to carry through their intent to the degree expected and before new schemes are put in topographic point, some forces/influences may do the concern perform better every bit compared to its rivals. Example: alteration of political systems in a state ( in which instance the rivals may non happen favorable to them ) or economic downswing ( in which instance rivals may be affected severely ) giving the concern an chance to win the market illustration Dstv and Gtv Under these fortunes, though the concern schemes were non every bit good as those of rivals, external factors have made the company to win therefore turn outing concern scheme as fortune. Though on the other manus concern scheme can non be luck in a competitory universe as schemes have to be in topographic point no 1 can merely populate with the aims without ways to implement them and anticipate the individual to win same in concern an organisation can non be be aftering to be the leader in the market and merely run like a unsighted individual non cognizing how can it be a leader without uncertainty the company is likely to neglect. Hence this disproves the theory of concern scheme being luck. ( The guardian intelligence paper 20th July 2009 ) Another scenario of concern scheme as opinion whereby it means that concern scheme should be based on experience as a laminitis or leader in the organisation make a determination due to past experience or wisdom illustration if the job has occurred such as the new rivals have emerged with low monetary value sell in their merchandise a leader can utilize what they did in the yesteryear may be diminish the monetary value or merely go forth it as they have loyal clients who are non traveling to go forth the company even if the rivals have reduced the monetary value this shows a opinion as the leader Judgess on what to make. ( Wiley J A ; Sons 2009 pp 255-273 ) Though this can non vouch the success of that scheme the universe is excessively altering to utilize the same scheme over and over illustration clients needs alterations therefore if a company uses the same opinion it used three old ages earlier might non work in a current state of affairs illustration Adidas who were bring forthing trainers places ever have been utilizing opinion scheme in which at the terminal of the twenty-four hours could non work as clients wanted new type of places therefore other companies emerged and win by following client demands. Taking a concern scheme as opinion is non bad though due to the altering universe on engineering and the environment in general the companies need to follow new manner of forming and implementing their scheme. ( www.thetimes100.co Essay about The Pact of Hindi Films in IndiaThe descriptive scheme concluding aim is non clear and elements are developed during the class of its life as the scheme returns. The procedure is one of exper imentation to happen the most productive path frontward, it does non hold a individual, concluding aim ; scheme develops over clip. In fast developing markets, the clip period may be short ; in slow developing markets, it ‘s likely to be longer. To prove these type of scheme its of import to analyze how the scheme has developed in pattern over a defined clip period. The advantages of the procedure include its consistence with existent pattern in administrations ; it takes history of people issues such as motive ; it allows experimentation about the scheme to take topographic point ; it provides an chance to include the civilization and political relations of the administration ; it delivers flexibleness to react to market alterations. ( Lynch R, 2006, pp 46-47 ). There strong similarities to descriptive and normative schemes. As the definitions provinces ; descriptive is what is normally done while prescriptive is what can be done most realistically. It could stop up being the same result on many occasions.The even make sense when put together. What is normally done is most likely what can be done most realistically. However, when studied in deepness, these schemes have their differences. ( Lynch R, 2006, pp 68-70 ). The descriptive scheme is done based on past grounds. It something that has been most likely done in the yesteryear. Unlike the descriptive, the normative takes other factors in history while analysing multi [ lupus erythematosus standards and conflicting expostulations. After this, so chooses what scheme would or could be done realistically based on the aims antecedently listed. Harmonizing to the prescriptive, the 2nd best determination might be more appropriate. The normative attack includes an analysis of possible determinations around a chosen solution known as sensitiveness analysis. A descriptive attack may be doing a determination on a subject merely based on past experience.If it was positive, so the determination is made. If it si negative so a different determinations made. normative scheme analyzes all options before make up one’s minding based on all factors, what the best option may be. ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.oppapers.com/essays ) The prescriptive and descriptive schemes can be contrasted by accommodating Mint berg ‘s analogy whereby the normative scheme is Biblical in its attack, it appears at a point in clip and is governed by a set of regulation s, to the full formulated and ready to implement.While the descriptive scheme is Darwinian in attack, an emerging and altering scheme that survives by accommodating as the environment itself changes. Given the demand for an administration to hold a corporate scheme, much has truly been about the procedure of accomplishing these schemes. No common manner understanding on the manner this can be done. On one manus, there is the normative procedure, which involves a structured strategic planning system.It is necessary to place aims, analyse the environment and the resources of the administration, develop scheme options and select among them. The selected procedure is so implemented. On the other manus, there is the descriptive procedure, which does non place a concluding aim with specific schemes to accomplish this. It relies on developing schemes whose concluding result may non be known. Directors rely on more on test and mistake and experimenting to accomplish the optimum procedure. Outline1 Develop or specify administration ‘s nonsubjective2 Analysis and projection of the environment environing the administration: macroeconomic analysis, political clime, etc.3 Reconsider aim ( and alter it if the environment requires this )4 Develop scheme option5 Choice option against the likeliness of accomplishing aims6 Implement chosen scheme option7 How the normative corporate scheme procedure plants8 One position of how the descriptive scheme procedure plants.9 Decision Develop or specify administration ‘s nonsubjective Analysis and projection of the environment environing the administration: macroeconomic analysis, political clime, etc. Reconsider aim ( and alter it if the environment requires this ) Develop scheme option Choice option against the likeliness of accomplishing aims Implement chosen scheme option How the normative corporate scheme procedure plants Within the descriptive schemes, four chief groups were identified: The human resource based route- topographic points the accent on people in strategic development. Motivation, political relations civilization and desires of the person are all of import. Scheme may affect an component of experimentation and acquisition in order to take in to account all the factors. The invention and cognition based route- this emphasises on the part of new thoughts and extremist ways of thought and sharing cognition if an administration is to outwit its rivals. ( Lynch R, 2006, pp 68-69 ). One position of how the descriptive scheme procedure plants. Discuss with immediate directors Identify job or aim Identify related or subsequent enterprise Success Failure Discuss with immediate directors Discuss with other sections or companies in group Try via media B Try via media Angstrom Failure Success Discuss with other sections or companies in group Decision In decision concern scheme is a mixture of fortune and opinion, self-interest and design because all these fall together in different instances illustration a company can hold a scheme and it does non work though the alteration environmental factors can favor the company and stoping up doing net income than its rivals therefore corroborating the fortune and self-interest portion of the scheme, at the same clip holding processed the scheme with a good scheme design for a peculiar job or challenge in the company can convey the success and the design can be drown from the opinion of the past experience hence devising concern scheme a mixture of all the four elements nevertheless no component can stand entirely to fulfill that a concern scheme is that component. Besides because of the globalisation the environment factors do alter every twenty-four hours and the competition is high therefore concern scheme can non be a seated duck but a traveling mark that is to state the organisation scheme has to be developed in each peculiar clip illustration some companies which are so advanced and do non utilize inactive scheme they change their scheme by creativeness and invention harmonizing to alterations go oning therefore holding that concern scheme is more of an art than a scientific discipline. For illustration IBM company.

Ismeal Reeds Chappie Puttbutt Essays - Spring,

Ismeal Reed's Chappie Puttbutt Mueting 1 A Change in Puttbutt's Environment Every man is wants to climb the social ladder, but to what extent will a man go to change his current environment to reach those goals? In the book Japanese By Spring (Ishmal Reed) working at a local university, Puttbutt exists within an environment where he is unhappy. He leaves it behind only to find out that the new environment, which he desired to be a part of, is not what he thought it would be. Puttbutt exists in a world of racism, hate crimes, and one in which he thinks he just doesn't belong. He wants to climb the social ladder to become somebody he isn't. In his new environment he discovers that he has the power to do anything he wants, or he can do nothing at all. However, he soon finds out that this world is not what he wants. He wants back into his old environment, but quickly finds out he has to fight to get back into it. Chappie Puttbutt is a man who has a job he doesn't enjoy and he hates his colleagues' (64). He is a Junior Professor at a local University and desires tenure. He is not well liked by his colleagues because he constantly changes his political values to go along with whatever is popular. He believes that the Japaneese will soon be taking over America. To make sure that he will not be left out of the His colleagues decide weather or not he gets Mueting 2 tenure. Puttbutt will try to do anything to get tenure; he stands up for everything and anything to get tenure, however each time his colleagues vote against him. In his new environment the Japanese have taken over the university (108) and restructure the curriculum so that only Japanese art, Literature and culture are taught. The Japanese believe all studies are inferior. He is still passed on tenure but is given the position of second in command of the university because he knows Japanese and the president was his Japanese tutor. Since he is second in command he has the power over all his colleagues and gets revenge on those who didn't vote to get him tenure. After he fires all the professors he soon discovers that he is fired because the head of the university only wants Japanese teachers to teach. This new environment quickly proves to be something he didn't want to be apart of anyway. He discovers that secretly a Japanese gang was behind the takeover of the university. The owners of the university think that America is a giant cesspool and they want to do something about it. (143) The president of the university is prejudice against all whites and all other non-Japanese so he only lets Japanese students into the university. Puttbutt decides to lead a revolt against the owners of the university. He soon finds out that his plan to take over the university wasn't going to work because his dad stepped in and took over. Chappie Puttbutt soon enters back into his old environment and is finally happy with being himself. During the time that it takes to enter finally happy back Mueting 3 into his old environment, he finally gets to meet his mother. He is with in the environment that he exists in. But he discovers that it is still a world of racism Hate crimes, and political correctness, but he has learned to at the better side of everything. Working at a local university, Puttbutt exists within an environment where he is unhappy. He leaves it behind only to find out that the new environment, which he desired to be a part of, is not what he thought it would be. Puttbutt exists in a world of racism, hate crimes, and one in which he thinks he just doesn't belong. He wants to climb the social ladder to become somebody he isn't. In his new environment he discovers that he has the power to do anything he wants, or he can do nothing at all. However, he soon finds out that this world is not what he wants. He wants back into his old environment, but quickly finds out he has to fight to

Police Abuse misc essays

Police Abuse misc essays In recent years, police actions, particularly police abuse, has come into view of a wide, public and critical eye. While citizens worry about protecting themselves from criminals, it has now been shown that they must also keep a watchful eye on those who are supposed to protect and serve. This paper will discuss the types of police abuse prevalent today, including the use of firearms and receipt of private information. I will also discuss what and how citizens' rights are taken advantage of by police. For these problems, solutions will be discussed, focusing on political reform, education, and citizen review boards. These measures are necessary to protect ourselves from police taking advantage of their positions as law enforcement officers with greater permissive rights than private citizens. Because of this significant differential, all citizens must take affirmative action from physical brutality, rights violations, and information abuse. Problems arise, however, when one side is t old what to do by another, as there is bound to be conflicting viewpoints. In regard to police abuse, there will be many officers who feel that their job of fighting escalating street crime, gangs, narcotics violations, and other violent crimes is difficult already, and that worrying about excessive policy for abusive behavior will only further decrease their ability to fight crime effectively, efficiently, and safely. Citizens, however, have been caught up in this gung-ho attitude, and police are more and more often crossing the line of investigation and interrogation with abusive behavior. This abuse must be monitored so that police do not forget who they are servingnot themselves, but the public. This means that even the criminals, who are a part of the public, have certain rights, particularly, civil rights. All citizens must be aware of these rights to protect themselves against over-aggressive officers who take advantage of their position as badg...

Applying for Entrance at Oxford University Essay

Applying for Entrance at Oxford University - Essay Example Relative to the foregoing, I have had the pleasure of giving Mr., Zhigzhitov academic instructions pertinent to the Comparable Politics Course while studying in the Political Department of Moscow State University; where he constantly deferred to me for scientific consultations on different problems. Moreover, he passed all his examinations within the given curriculum and attained no grade mark lower than A. Sergey has also been recognized by the University for his achievements since he received a gold medal and red diploma that was awarded by Viktor Sadovnichiy - rector of Lomonosov Moscow State University (only distinguished students are awarded a medal by the rector). Aside from his impeccable academic achievements, Sergey’s extracurricular activities also put him ahead of his peers. In this arena, he was recognized for actively participating in the â€Å"Electoral Processes and Social Cleavages in Regions of Russia† – a project that was organized by A. Ahremenko, a Doctor of Political Science and a political specialist analyst in Russia. In addition, he made a remarkable accomplishment by winning the first prize in a nationwide scientific competition, which was organized by both Moscow State University and the Fund of Perspective Researchers â€Å"Bastion†. Again Sergey’s scientific intellect manifested itself through the ten (10) scientific published works he has done in specialized editions which are considered quite a feat for a student. Having confidence in Sergey Zhigzhitov’s intellectual capabilities, the Political Science Department of Moscow State University allowed him to engage in practical teaching activities. H

DNA Mutations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

DNA Mutations - Essay Example The function of the protein made by this polypeptide will be changed or lost as well (Blamire ,2000). To put in simpler language, mutation alters the function of the enzyme that catalyses a particular genetic function resulting in the change of inherited characters through different generations. It results in the alteration of DNA sequence and consequently results in changes in the genetic and physical appearance of an organism. Thus the phenotype of the organism carrying the DNA which went through mutation will be changed. The agents which cause DNA mutation are termed as mutagens. These can be either physical agents or chemical ones (Matulef 2004). There are specific chemical mutagens created and calibrated to create specific genetic changes. They can either mimic the original nucleotide bases in a DNA molecule or remove parts of the nucleotide resulting in improper base pairing during DNA replication. They can also cause genetic changes by adding hydrocarbons to various nucleotides. High energy radiations can also alter the DNA molecule and cause mutation (Matulef 2004). The ultraviolet radiation from the sun is another cause for the same. Ultra violet rays in the presence of sunlight gamma rays and such ionizing radiation etc can increase the frequency of mutation above the natural level. Much differently to these kinds of mutagen induced ones, mutations can also occur spontaneously. Mutation may arise on account of different reasons. In a chromatid, DNA helix runs continuously from one end to another in a highly super coiled form. Therefore loss or gain (deletion or insertion/duplication) of a segment of DNA results in alteration in chromosomes (Montelone, 1998) Since genes are located in chromosomes such an alteration may result in abnormalities or aberrations. Chromosomal aberrations are commonly seen in cancer cells. Moreover Mutation may also arise due to change in a single base pair of DNA.

Mr Empanada Recommendation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Mr Empanada Recommendation - Essay Example This should enable it to sell more as customers will have a variety to choose from. As a retailer, Mr. Empanada should know that retailing is all about constant persuasion, even though a myriad other factors influence-buying behavior. Visual cues influence buying decisions to a great deal, with color being the most significant. In light of this, customers place value on color more than they do on other factors as smell, sound or texture. Color has a great psychological effect on consumers. Diversifying the breakfast menu to include a healthy combo meal will grant clients an opportunity to sample other meals, effectively increasing sales and revenue. This will have a positive impact on the company’s fortunes for a long time. Diversifying the menu will help this organization to attract new customers, and to eat into its competitors’ client base. This is because presently, Mr. Empanada’s competitors have healthy combo meals on their menus. Mr. Empanada should take a cue and expand the menu. Make a Colorful Logo Prior to the era of digital branding and graphic design, businesses took logos as a luxury worth bypassing. During that era, companies placed emphasis on customer loyalty and good rapport. These days, the business environment is high competitive, calling for companies to invest heavily in attractive logos. Customers have an orientation towards color, and this calls upon companies to invest in an eye-catching logo that captures its aspirations in an apt manner. Mr. Empanada needs rebranding. The current economic setting now forces businesses to reinvent and re-evaluate their operations to remain relevant. These include branding and marketing strategies that arrest the imagination of customers. Every effort to rebrand must have a goal. In this case, Mr. Empanada needs to stand out from the crowd by being highly visible. A good logo must remain imbedded in customers mind; elicit discussion, and making competitors notice (Vaid 144). The log o must not make false promises, but must live up to customers expectations. It would be naive to create a logo that promises the best in the market, and then come up with substandard good or services. Customers must feel that the business is venturing into a new environment that promises an improvement on the past. Its current logo has too much green color. Green does not stand out well for a company that serves a variety of foods as some clients may confuse it for a vegetarian joint. This could make it lose out on potential customers who are not vegetarians. A logo is the first thing a potential client sees and remembers. This is why it must stand out and set the tone for the branding strategy (Wheeler & Katz 119). In essence, Mr. Empanada knows that logos are the corporate faces. They display an organization’s special identity, providing critical information through colors, images and fonts. They should make the customer to identify with the organization. They are a shortcu t to advertisements and marketing. Mr. Empanada should invest in a comprehensible but unique logo. While there are many colors to choose from, an organization of Mr. Empanada’s stance should go for colors that target customers identify with. The colors should reflect freshness, a sense of faithful service, trustworthiness, and loyalty. They should for the entire company’s brand identity. An amateurish logo would be a complete turn off to customers. A good logo should blend well with the company’

Design of Earthquake and Cyclone Proof House for Poor

Design of Earthquake and Cyclone Proof House for Poor Introduction Background The population of the world is constantly increasing; it currently lies at 6.7 billion people and is predicted to increase to 9.2 billion in the next forty years. Majority of this growth will occur in urban areas and it is predicted that by the year 2050 urban areas alone will contain 6.4 billion people (United Nations, 2008). This continuous growth of urban areas is known as urbanization and is mainly occurring in developing countries, in particular in the peri-urban regions (the outer fringes of larger towns/cities also known as slums, shanty towns or favelas depending on the region). Much of these peri-urban areas however are already highly populated with inadequate living conditions, therefore any increase in population is a major problem and in turn means an increase in poor housing, health and services (Mara, 2008). This report is going to specifically look at the peri-urban regions and housing of Latin America. Latin America is generally defined as those countries in the Americas where Spanish or Portuguese is spoken. This includes Mexico and the countries of Central America, South America and the Caribbean (Bumgarner, 2008), as shown in figure one. It currently has a combined population of approximately 590 million people, 470 million of this total are found in urban areas (United Nations, 2008). South America is the region of the world with the largest proportion of its population living in slums at 26% and these numbers continue to increase (SASI Group and Newman, 2006). Many of its countries are frequently subjected to natural disasters such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, hurricanes and flooding. This is particularly due to the diverse topography of the region; oceans, mountains, rainforests, volcanoes and fault lines can all be found throughout the area (Bumgarner, 2008). â€Å"In addition, the twenty largest cities of Latin America are in areas with steep slopes, swamps, floodable land or seismic activity. As a result many of the regions worst disasters have hit cities† (World Bank, 2005). In 1985 Mexico City was hit by a major earthquake, killing approximately 9,500 people and thousands more were injured and left homeless. In 1970 an earthquake hit Peru that destroyed many areas in particular affecting cities such as Lima, Casma and Chimbote. In total 20,000 people died and major damage to the cities occurred, according to preliminary reports building collapses caused most of the fatalities. The worlds largest recorded earthquake hit Chile in 1960, thousands were killed or injured and over 2 million people were left homeless with $550 million of damage caused in Southern Chile alone (USGS, 2009). Other cities such as Rio de Janeiro and Caracas have seen major destruction through landslides (World Bank, 2005) and areas in Venezuela (such as Caracas) and Southern Brazil have been affected by cyclones. Hurricane Mitch tore across Central America and Southern Mexico in 1998 and left a path of destruction killing over 10,000 people and leaving millions more either homeless , missing or severely affected. The poor are put at particular risk from natural disasters because of the hazardous locations and poor quality of their dwellings (World Bank, 2005). As previously mentioned the living conditions of much of the urban population, in particular in the peri-urban regions is less than satisfactory, usually densely populated and often unfit for human habitation. Figures 1.2 and 1.3 below show images of peri-urban areas in Latin America, as can be seen the shelters are poorly made and very densely spaced. The social, physical and mental health of an individual is majorly influenced by the environment in which they live (Tinker, 2008) poor housing results in poor health and this is particularly evident in the peri-urban regions of Latin America for example the Neza Chalco Itza barrio of Mexico City and slums of Peru, Brazil and Chile. Many of the low-cost settlements are overcrowded and lack basic but vital amenities such as clean water, sanitation, access to work and shelter. This in turn leads to a high rate of disease and low life expectancies with many people dying at a young age. A major problem is poor sanitation and contaminated water supply resulting in faeco-oral diseases such as salmonellosis, viral diarrhoea (rotavirus) and cholera. Diarrhoea alone is a major problem in developing countries especially in children; killing 1.3 million children aged under five, globally, per year (Mara, 2008). Housing related diseases are also often of major concern, the poorly constructed shelters and overcrowding leads to many insect and rodent related diseases, such as plague and Chagas disease both of which often result in death. Aims And Objectives â€Å"Gaining access to housing that provides adequate shelter and physical safety is one of the greatest challenges confronting the urban poor. Most poor people live in informal housing, often located in marginal areas that are vulnerable to natural disasters and poorly served by public services or utilities.† (World Bank, 2005) This quote taken from the book â€Å"The Urban Poor in Latin America† published by the World Bank, perfectly describes the issues confronting the urban poor of Latin America. It highlights the main problems they face and summarizes the key objectives of this report. The initial brief of this report is to design a suitable house for the peri-urban poor of Latin America. It needs to be able to resist earthquake and cyclone forces but also be low cost and feasible for the local area. Listed below are the key aims of this report and these will help to ensure the final solution to the brief is met successfully. Gain an understanding of earthquakes and cyclones and their effects. Gain an understanding of existing earthquake and cyclone resistant designs. Ensure the final design is both earthquake and cyclone resistant. The design must be of low-cost and suitable for peri-urban regions. The design needs to provide adequate shelter which in turn will help to reduce housing related diseases. The design needs to provide a water source and adequate sanitation which in turn will help to reduce diseases. Throughout the world housing construction is increasing, including areas affected by natural hazards, such as cyclones and earthquakes. This increase in population increases the risks of structural damage and loss of life when natural disasters strike. Therefore to ensure that the number of fatalities and damage caused, in areas subject to hazards, are minimal, special precautions and design standards must be adopted (United Nations, 1975). This report will follow a specific structure in order to obtain an understanding of these precautions and design standards to ensure that the final design meets all the objectives. It will begin by analysing the title in more depth and collecting information that will help to establish the necessary details for designing a low cost earthquake and cyclone resistant house. Earthquakes â€Å"An earthquake is a spasm of ground shaking caused by a sudden release of energy in the earths lithosphere (i.e. the crust plus part of the upper mantle)† (Dowrick, 1987) â€Å"They are among the most destructive natural events [on the planet]† (BBC News, 2005). Causes, Type And Strength Earthquakes can vary significantly in their strength, way they are caused and effects they have on the surrounding landscape. They may originate from natural processes such as tectonic activity or human processes such as mining or bomb detonation. Some are very powerful causing large scale damage, injury and/or death whilst others are much weaker. As suggested by Bolt (2004) there are a number of different types of earthquake and it is useful to classify them in their mode of generation. Each type varies in their strength, how often they occur and level of hazard they pose. Earthquakes Generated Through Human Processes Collapse Earthquakes These relatively small earthquakes involve the collapse of underground mines or caverns. They may be generated through two different processes, either the roof collapses or mine bursting occurs. Mine burst is a process in which the stresses around the cavern or mine cause large pieces of rock to explosively fly off the underground rock face. Both processes induce seismic waves and thus ground shaking. Explosion Earthquakes When chemicals or nuclear devices are detonated they can cause the surrounding ground to shake significantly. When nuclear devices are detonated in boreholes beneath the ground enormous nuclear energy is released. This energy then vaporizes the surrounding rock and induces seismic waves and so can generate relatively significant earthquakes. Impact Earthquakes Although not so common these earthquakes are generated from the impact of meteorites on the Earths surface. They strike with such a powerful force that they can generate seismic waves, which travel great distances, such as the 1908 meteorite impact in Siberia that caused a moderately large earthquake. Earthquakes Generated Through Natural Processes Land Sliding Earthquakes Massive landslides can produce substantial earthquakes. For example in Peru, 1974, a large landslide triggered seismic waves comparable to a moderate earthquake. As the soil and rock falls with significant speed the movement is converted to seismic waves and thus an earthquake is generated. Volcanic Earthquakes These are simply earthquakes that occur in conjunction with volcanic activity. Earthquakes and volcanoes often accompany each other and both originate through tectonic forces. Sometimes however they do occur individually. Tectonic Earthquakes These are the most common type of earthquake. They are produced through various geological processes and are of great social significance because they pose the greatest hazard. The Earth is made up of a number of layers, the inner and outer core, mantle and the crust that ‘floats on top. The crust and upper mantle form a strong layer known as the lithosphere and this is broken up into a number of different plates that are moved in different directions through convection currents (BBC News, 2005). Convection currents are caused due to the heating of rock in the lower part of the mantle. As the temperature of the rock increases it becomes less dense and so begins to rise to the outer region of the mantle, the cooler higher density rock above sinks due to gravity. The cooler rock is then heated as it gets closer to the core of the earth and the rising hot rock cools as it moves further away. The process then continues in the same cycle over millions of years gradually moving the tectonic plates around on the surface. Figure 2.1 shows a diagram of the layers making up the earth and the convection currents and heat loss present. Subdivisions of the Earths interior and heat loss via convection in the mantle and outer core. The plates that make up the Earths surface are all interconnected much like a jigsaw, as shown by figure 2.1. As they are moved in different directions they are forced into or away from one another at their boundaries. It is at these plate boundaries that most earthquakes occur. Tectonic Plate Boundaries There are three main types of plate boundary each with different characteristics, (Platetectonics.com, 2005). 1. Convergent Boundaries: At these boundaries the two plates collide with one another. They are also known as destructive boundaries because the crust is destroyed as one plate is forced beneath the other, forming a subduction zone. There are three types of convergent boundary Oceanic-Oceanic, Continental-Oceanic and Continental-Continental. Oceanic-Oceanic: This involves two oceanic plates converging (e.g. The Pacific and Mariana Plates). A deep oceanic trench is then formed due to one of the plates sinking beneath the other. Often with this type of convergence volcanoes are formed below the ocean surface and over millions of years of eruptions they build up eventually to be exposed above the surface as volcanic islands usually in chains called island arcs. Figure 2.3 shows a diagram of oceanic-oceanic convergence. Oceanic-Continental: This involves an oceanic and continental plate colliding, the older and heavy oceanic plate then sinks below the continental forming a trench. An example of this is the Peru-Chile Trench (also known as the Atacama Trench) this is formed due to the oceanic Nazca Plate being subducted beneath the South American Plate. Often deep in the subduction zone the oceanic plate breaks up into smaller pieces and these pieces are locked in place for long periods of time then may suddenly move forming large earthquakes. Figure 2.4 shows a diagram of oceanic-continental convergence. Continental-Continental: This involves two continental plates, when the two plates collide neither is subducted because they both resist the downward motion. Instead they buckle upwards forming extensive mountain ranges such as the Himalayas, which continue to grow throughout millions of years of convergence. Figure 2.5 shows a diagram of continental-continental convergence. 2. Divergent Boundaries: At these boundaries the tectonic plates are pushed apart as convection currents move them in different directions. This process then leads to a large separation between the plates and new crust is formed as molten rock rises up from the Earths core, for this reason they are also known as constructive boundaries. The process can separate whole landmasses over millions of years, into two singular landmasses. This is currently happening throughout Iceland as the Eurasian and North American Plates diverge. 3. Transform-Fault Boundaries: This type of boundary also known as conservative plate boundaries involve two plates sliding past one another. For example the San Andreas Fault between the Pacific and North American Plates. As the plates move in different directions they grind against each other and the friction between them can build up and be released suddenly generating an earthquake. It is through the geological processes of convergence and divergence that earthquakes are generated. As the plates move elastic strain builds up in the crustal rock and when a fault ruptures the energy stored in the rocks is released, partly as heat, partly in cracking underground rocks, and partly as elastic waves. These waves are the earthquake (Bolt, 2003). This is the theory of elastic rebound; the elastic strain in a block of the Earths crust over a long period of time can suddenly be released by the movement along a fault, causing an earthquake (Eiby, 1967). Latin America lies upon five tectonic plates, the Cocos, Caribbean, Nazca, South American and Scotia plates. Together these plates converge and diverge generating many earthquakes throughout Latin America. Seismic Waves Although there is a number of ways that earthquakes may be generated the same kind of seismic waves are present in each quake. An earthquake emits its power as two main types of waves of energy these are body waves and surface waves. Both have different characteristics in the way they travel throughout the earth and damage they cause. Body Waves These waves travel through the inners layers of the earth, they arrive before the surface waves and are of a high frequency. There are two types of body wave, primary and secondary. Primary waves also known as P waves or compressional waves are the fastest type of wave they are able to travel through solid and fluid masses. This means they are the first to be felt during an earthquake, they cause particles to move backwards and forwards in a push and pull motion. Secondary waves or S waves are slower than primary and can only travel through solid masses. They are the second to be felt during an earthquake and cause particles to move in a side-to-side or up and down motion. Surface Waves These waves are only able to travel through the Earths outer crust. They have a lower frequency than body waves and arrive after. Although they are slower, nearly all damage caused from an earthquake is due to the surface waves. Like body waves there is two types of surface wave, Love and Rayleigh. Love waves named after A.E.H Love who predicted their existence in 1911 are the fastest type of surface wave and move particles in a side-to-side motion. Rayleigh waves named after Lord Rayleigh who predicted their existence in 1885 roll across the ground much like a wave in an ocean. They cause particles to move in a side-to-side or up and down motion. Majority of the shaking felt during an earthquake is from the Rayleigh waves (Michigan Tech, 2007). Strength When an earthquake occurs both types of wave are emitted as previously discussed, the strength of these waves however varies significantly with each earthquake and so the damage and effects each event has on the surrounding areas can be very different. The strength of an earthquake is defined in two ways, the intensity of the earthquake (i.e. the strength of shaking at any given place) and the magnitude of the earthquake (i.e. the actual size or total strength of the event). For each type of measurement a scale has been devised, these can then be used to determine the actual specifics of each earthquake. Intensity measures the severity of the seismic ground motion at a specific point (Dowrick, 1987). This is determined by the Modified Mercalli (MM) Scale, which is the most widely used scale for this type of measurement. It is composed of twelve increasing levels of intensity and at each level a type of response is listed for example damage to windows, people awakening or at higher levels, structures totally destroyed. Appendix A gives a detailed description of the Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale. Magnitude measures the size of an earthquake at a specific point. It is established using seismographs, which record the various amplitude changes of the ground oscillations below. They record a zig-zag trace and this is then used to determine the magnitude which is found from the logarithm of the amplitude of waves recorded. The data recorded by a seismograph can be used to establish the time, location and magnitude of an earthquake (USGS, 2009). The Richter scale ranges from 3.5 and below up to 8 and above, the lower the value indicates a weaker earthquake and so higher indicates a much stronger one. The magnitude of the earthquake does not indicate damage however (the Mercalli scale is used for this) because a high magnitude earthquake may occur in a remote region therefore little damaged is caused, on the other hand a weaker event may occur in a densely populated region and thus the damage is greatly increased. Appendix B gives a detailed description of the Richter scale. Understanding the strength, causes and types of earthquake helps to determine appropriate designs for specific areas of the world. Latin America is in a region that is subjected to earthquakes of varying strengths from frequent occurring events of small magnitudes to much larger events of greater magnitudes and intensity. For example, more recently in Peru (2007) an earthquake of magnitude 8.0 occurred and in 1960 the largest earthquake to be recorded in the world to date, with a magnitude of 9.5, hit Chile. Therefore structures need to be designed to be able to resist forces of varying levels. Effects Of Earthquakes â€Å"Although a great deal is known about where earthquakes are likely, there is currently no reliable way to predict the days or months when an event will occur in any specific location† (Ludwin, 2004). Likewise the actual magnitude and intensity of an earthquake cannot be predicted and are only established once the event has taken place. For this reason it is important to know the effects of earthquakes on buildings and thus appropriate methods can be adopted during their design to ensure damage is minimized. When an earthquake occurs the ground is subjected to various types of seismic waves (as previously mentioned), these waves cause the ground to move in all directions. The most damaging effects on structures are from the horizontal movements of the ground because the majority of structures are designed to withstand vertical loads. Therefore when designing structures to resist earthquake forces the main effect of an earthquake is considered in terms of horizontal forces, similar to wind forces (Ambrose J. Vergun D, 1995). Each time a major earthquake occurs an advance in design technology can be made. This is because when an event occurs that results in major structural damage, the effects on the buildings in that area can be investigated. Buildings that have withstood the earthquake forces can be established and the design methods used for these particular buildings used again in the future. Other structures that have failed to withstand the earthquake forces can be investigated and the reason for their failure can be determined, improvements on their design can then be made. There are a number of hazards that arise from earthquakes and each has different damaging effects (Dowrick, 1987) Direct Movement of Structures This is due to the ground shaking beneath the structure, it can cause general destabilization of the building and various levels of damage. Ground Displacement Along a Fault As the ground moves, displacement along a fault may be caused. This in turn can lead to cracking of the ground, settlement of an area, land/mud slides and avalanches. Flooding, Fires, Gas Leaks When the ground moves various services and structures may be damaged, such as dams, underground piping, river levees and so on, this in turn can cause various types of disaster. Tsunamis The energy released during an earthquake can cause large tidal waves, which in turn can have devastating effects when they reach the mainland. Liquefaction When an earthquake is generated it may compact the soils beneath a building, this in turn causes an increase in pore water pressure and causes a loss in shear strength. The soil changes to a liquefied state, this process can have disastrous effects when it occurs below a building. These hazards in turn have two main physical consequences, death and injury to human beings and damage to the constructed and natural environments. The area is then affected socially and economically because of these physical effects. This can include, cost of damage, losses to businesses and cost of healthcare and aid. Financially and technically it is only possible to reduce these consequences (Dowrick, 1987) and design considerations (Section 4) must be made to ensure that they are reduced. Although there are a number of effects caused by earthquakes this report is specifically going to look at the effects on structures and how they influence the design. Tropical Cyclones Tropical cyclone is the generic name given to warm core, low pressure storm systems that develop over tropical or sub-tropical waters and have organized circulation (NWS JetStream, 2008). The warm central core makes them differ from mid-latitude cyclones and because of this warm-core structure the strongest winds occur at ground levels therefore having the potential to cause significant amounts of damage (Gray, 2003). These rapidly revolving winds can reach speeds of over 160mph and unleash 9 trillion litres of rain a day. They begin as tropical disturbances in warm ocean waters and their wind speeds increase as they are fed from the warm ocean waters. At wind speeds of 38mph they become known as tropical depressions, at 39mph and above they become known as tropical storms and are assigned a name (National Geographic, 2009). Once the system reaches wind speeds of 74mph and above they become classified as hurricanes, typhoons or cyclones depending on the region of the world they occur and can sustain these conditions for several days. In the Eastern Pacific and Atlantic they are known as hurricanes, Western Pacific as typhoons and Indian Ocean as cyclones. Therefore in Latin America they are referred to as hurricanes, during this report however the generic term tropical cyclones will be used (Tinker, 2008). Every year approximately 80 tropical cyclones occur, two thirds of which attain hurricane intensity and one eighth of this global total occur in the Atlantic alone (to the east of Latin America). Tropical cyclones have a significant effect on the globe. The World Meteorological Organization (WMO) estimates from 1963-1992 tropical cyclones caused almost three times as much damage globally compared to earthquakes and influenced the lives of almost five times as many people. They also account for approximately 50% more deaths than earthquakes (Gray, 2003). Due to the significant impact that tropical cyclones have on the globe socially, economically and physically it is vital that their formation, characteristics and effects are clearly understood. This in turn can help to ensure structures are correctly designed to resist the forces that they may encounter during a cyclone. Cause, Structure And Strength Cause And Structure The conditions must be just right for a tropical cyclone to form, there are various trigger mechanisms required to transform more frequent storms and tropical depressions into significant tropical cyclones. Cyclones derive their energy from warm moist air, as warm water evaporates from tropical seas energy is transferred into the storm system. The energy is stored within the water vapour of the moist air, as it ascends and condenses the energy is released and causes large cumulus clouds and rain. As previously mentioned tropical cyclones begin as tropical disturbances (clusters of thunderstorms) over tropical waters, with a minimum temperature of 26 °C, they then begin to grow as energy is drawn from the ocean. Warm ocean waters heat the air above their surface, which in turn rises as a current of warm moist air, leaving an area of low pressure at the ocean surface. This low pressure causes trade winds to rush in and these along with the rotation of the Earth cause the storm to begin spinning around a cylinder of relatively still air known as the eye, (spinning clockwise in the Southern Hemisphere and anti-clockwise in the Northern, due to the rotation of the Earth). The rotating winds begin to ascend and release heat and moisture energy before beginning to descend. As heat and moisture energy is released the pressure begins to drop further and at higher altitudes, air then begins to rise faster to fill the area of low pressure and so the amount of warm air drawn from the s ea increases. Therefore the storm begins to increase in size and speed developing into a much higher intensity (wind speeds of 74mph and above) (BBC, 2009). Once a tropical cyclone has formed there are three main parts to the storm, the eye, eye wall and rain or feeder bands. Figure 3.1 and 3.2 show the structure of a tropical cyclone and the three sections present, each section has its own properties and effects on the storm and surrounding areas. The Eye this is located at the centre of the storm it is the calmest part with a low pressure and light winds no more than 15mph. Air descends in the eye clearing the skies of clouds and produces relatively calm conditions. It can range from 20-30 miles in diameter and usually develops when maximum sustained winds exceed 74mph. The Eye Wall is a complete or partial ring shaped wall of high velocity winds which surrounds the central eye. It consists of tall thunderstorms that produce the fastest and strongest winds and intense rains, making it the most destructive part of the storm. Feeder/Rain Bands these are the found at the outer regions of the storm they include bands of gusty winds and rain and indicate the first signs of a storm. They can spread over very large surrounding areas and so can increase the diameter of the storm to distances of 340 miles. Another feature associated with tropical cyclones is a storm surge. They are caused by the high speed winds and low pressures of a tropical cyclone, as the storm travels across the ocean the winds push water towards the shore. This surge of water then combines with the natural tide to increase the mean sea levels up to 18 feet or more. In turn this has a tremendous impact on coastal areas as large scale flooding occurs. It is the storm surge that causes the greatest loss of life (NOAA, 2007). Strength Tropical cyclones can vary significantly in size and strength, some may cause little structural damage or injury whilst others cause major destruction and death, such as Hurricane Mitch in 1998. It is therefore particularly important to be able to measure the scale of cyclones for both prediction purposes and prevention of loss of life and structural damage. The most widely used and recognised method of measurement for the intensity of tropical cyclones is the Saffir/Simpson scale. This scale was originally developed by Herbert S. Saffir in 1969 to measure the structural effects of tropical cyclones at different wind speeds ranging from 74mph to more than 155mph. It was then added to during the early 1970s by Robert Simpson the then-director of the National Hurricane Centre who also applied storm surge levels and central pressures to the scale (Saffir, 2003). The scale consists of five levels of intensity based on the wind speeds, structural damage and storm surge levels of a cyclone. Wind Speeds are sustained values of one-minute duration at elevations of 10m above the surface. Storm Surge values measured from mean sea level. Expected Structural Damage (NOAA, 2007) Category 1 No real damage to buildings. Damage to unanchored mobile homes and some damage to poorly constructed signs. Also, some coastal flooding and minor pier damage. Category 2 Some damage to doors, windows and roofing materials of buildings. Considerable damage to mobile homes. Flooding and damage to piers, small crafts in unprotected anchorages may break their moorings. Some trees blown down. Category 3 Some structural damage to small residences and utility buildings. Large trees blown down. Mobile homes and poorly built signs destroyed. Flooding near the coast destroys smaller structures with larger structures damaged by floating debris. Terrain may be flooded well inland. Category 4 All trees, shrubs and signs blown down. More extensive curtain wall failures with some complete roof structure failure on small residences. Major erosion of beach areas and terrain may be flooded well inland. Category 5 Complete roof failure on many residences and industrial buildings. Some complete building failures with small utility buildings blown over or away. Flooding causes major damage to lower floors of all structures near the shoreline. Massive evacuation of residential areas may be required. The scale shows the level of destruction cyclones are capable of and properties that they attain at different levels of intensity. Latin America has been subjected to storms of varying levels throughout history, from tropical storms and hurricanes of category 1 or 2 to much stronger and destructive hurricanes such as Hurricane Dean in 2007 and Hurricane Gilbert in 1988 both reaching a level of category 5. Therefore appropriate design methods need to be considered to ensure that the low-cost structure will be able to resist the forces associated with intensities of these levels. Although tropical cyclones can be predicted and an idea of their strength and location establis

Hopelessness in Albert Camus The Plague and Samuel Becketts Waiting for Godot :: comparison compare contrast essays

Hopelessness in Albert Camus' The Plague and Samuel Beckett's Waiting for Godot  Ã‚   Does Existentialism deny the existence of God? Can God possibly exist in a world full of madness and injustice? Albert Camus and Samuel Beckett address these questions in The Plague and Waiting for Godot. Though their thinking follows the ideals of existentialism, their conclusions are different. Camus did not believe in God, nor did he agree with the vast majority of the historical beliefs of the Christian religion. His stance on Christianity is summed up most simply by his remark that "in its essence, Christianity (and this is its paradoxical greatness) is a doctrine of injustice. It is founded on the sacrifice of the innocent and the acceptance of this sacrifice" (Bree 49). Camus felt that Jesus Christ was an innocent man who was unjustly killed. This does conflicts with all of Camus' values. However, Camus did not believe that Jesus was the son of God. Camus' inability to accept Christian theology is voiced in The Plague by Riex and juxtaposed against the beliefs preached by Father Paneloux (Rhein 42). Paneloux's attitude toward the plague contrasts sharply with Rieux's. In his first sermon, he preaches that the plague is divine in origin and punitive in its purpose. He attempts to put aside his desires for a rational explanation and simply accepts God's will. In this way he is not revolting and therefore falls victim to the plague. Father Paneloux's belief that there are no innocent victims is shaken as he watches a young boy die of the plague. Camus purposefully describes a long, painful death to achieve the greatest effect on Paneloux: "When the spasms had passed, utterly exhausted, tensing his thin legs and arms, on which, within forty-eight hours, the flesh had wasted to the bone, the child lay flat, in a grotesque parody of crucifixion" (215). Paneloux cannot deny that the child was an innocent victim and is forced to rethink his ideas. During his second sermon, a change is seen in Father Paneloux. He now uses the pronoun "we" instead of "you," and he has adopted a new policy in which he tells people to believe "all or nothing" (224). Father Paneloux, as a Christian, is faced with a decision: either he accepts that God is the ultimate ruler and brings goodness out of the evil that afflicts men, or he sides with Rieux and denies God.

Ethnographic Research Essay

The focus of my study is the interactions inside a nursing home environment. I observed the social interactions between the elders and nurses, elders and family, and elders among other elders. The reason why I decided to study this particular group of people was primarily because my grandma currently resides in a nursing home. I also wanted to observe how elders keep up with relationships and social interactions when living in a nursing home. Although my grandma was at the nursing home where I did my observations, I did not observe her as a subject. The building I did my observations in was called the Johnson Center. It was a two-floor, dark and light brown building. The entrance on the outside of the Johnson Center was inviting, but once I went inside, there was a sadness that overcame my mood. There was also this distinctive scent, like mixed meatloaf and hand sanitizer, which attached itself in my nose during the entirety of my observations. The area I did my observations was located on the second floor, directly in the middle of the floor. There were five halls that lead from the dining room to the bedrooms of the residents, and to an â€Å"activity room† and the â€Å"living room,† which had couches, a TV, two parrots in a cage, and access to the outside patio area. But, the dining room area was the main focus of study of my observations. The dining room area was about the size of the classroom we hold class in. It had a tall ceiling with many windows that let in some natural sunlight. There was a black piano, which is where I sat when I did my observations. A clear windowed office filled the side of the dining room. The tables in this dining room were set up with white table cloths, red napkins, coffee cups and utensils. When lunch came out, the trays took over the majority of space left on the table. Some tables were completed with chairs, while other tables weren’t, since the elders in wheel chairs occupied that space. The noise level was at a low-medium during my observations. It only got noisy when the utensils hit the plates, or when small chats among the elders, nurses and families occurred. The environment was comforting, with a hint of sadness and despair. â€Å"Creating the conditions for self-fulfillment for aged care residents,† by Sonya Brownie and Louise Horstmanshof, shows a study that measured how 27 residents in a high-care facility in Ohio spent their day. Unbelievably, there was only 4% of the time dedicated to organized activities, while 25% was spend in the dining room, and 9% was eating. I think this article is the most relevant and important to my research because it describes exactly what I observed, the dining room, which was where the elderly spend most of their day. This article also explains the importance of relationships, the importance of maintaining relationships and the effects of relationship deprivation. The article states that â€Å"deprivation of meaningful relationships and social engagement adversely effects the physical and emotional well-being of older people, leads to feelings of isolation and loneliness,† which I saw when I observed the elders’ social interactions. I observed that lack of social interactions effect the way certain elders behave or react in the nursing home, and almost every elder showed some sign of depression or sadness. It is true to my observation on the interactions between elders and other elders, in which elders isolate themselves from the group, and thus respond back with hostile behavior towards one another. Without social interactions, the elders create a sense of loneliness and depression, and their personal identity, self-esteem and personal control are all shaken. The article, â€Å"Families and Elder Care in the 21st Century,† by Ann Bookman and Delia Kimbrel, studied the importance of finding nurses who have the ability to understand each elder and how to adapt to their behavior, as well as the significance of nurses of color in comparison to the Caucasian elders. â€Å"Although most Americans refrain from putting their elderly kin in nursing homes, Latinos, African Americans, and Asians are least likely to do so. Even elders of color with greater care needs, such as those afflicted with dementia or chronic illnesses, are more likely than whites to receive care from their children and live in the community with them.† This statement describes the reasoning as to why the elder population in this nursing home is predominately Caucasian. It is because in Latino, African American and Asian cultures have their elderly live with their children. Gerritsen, Steverink, Ooms and Ribbel are the authors of â€Å"Finding a useful conceptual basis for enhancing the quality of life of nursing home residents,† which describes the quality of life, what the quality of life is and how it should optimized. It also describes what the factors in the social integration. This is the most important part of the article because it highlights exactly what factors are needed in order to improve on the elderly’s wellbeing and what needs are needed within the nursing home. First is social integration needs, which includes the factors of growth needs, self-esteem needs, as well as love and belonging needs. The second is material resource needs, which includes safety and security needs, and physiological needs. Every one of these needs is necessary in creating an environment dedicated to the needs of the elders. This will enhance their quality of life and thus â€Å"be dependent on the degree to which they are able, with assistance, to meet those needs.† The last article I found that related most to my research is called, â€Å"Nursing home residents’ dependence and independence.† The focus of this article is the observation of the pattern of social interaction between nursing home resident and the nursing staff during mealtimes. This was very similar to my observations on the elders in the nursing. In fact, the results were almost the same, as well. The study showed that residents were rarely socially active, which is true for my observations. Stated in the conclusion of the article, â€Å"the response of the nursing staff to the residents’ social engagement was variable†¦however, they did not respond at all and seldom displayed engagement-supportive behavior.† This statement holds true to my observations on the elderly and nurses as well. Although, I only studied a total of 5 nurses, the nurses’ response to the elders definitely varied, but almost every time, the nurses did not engage with th e elders, unless they had a specific duty.

A Matter of Life and Death, or Did You Hear Someone Knocking

A Matter of Life and Death, or Did You Hear Someone Knocking There is hardly an experience as trivial and as everyday as hearing someone knocking at the door or a doorbell ringing. However, even out of such a common thing, Metcalfe and Game manage to develop a compelling and intriguing idea.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Matter of Life and Death, or Did You Hear Someone Knocking? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In their short story, ‘A knock at the door’, the writers manage to convey an idea that changes, whether they are for better or for worse, are a part and parcel of people’s lives, which means that being open for changes is pretty much living a full life. Taking a closer look at the passage that starts with â€Å"the doorbell prompts drama’s primal question† to â€Å"was never to be completed†1, one can see that there is more in the simple description of choice than meets the eye. At certain point, it might actually seem that the authors not merely hint at the tortures of making a choice, but also make a big metaphor for life as it is, with all its opportunities that come and go, and the threats which these opportunities conceal. The door becomes a gateway for a countless number of events and further options to choose from; the authors make it clear that after the door is open, the person who opened it is bound to take a great amount of responsibilities that come with another acquaintance. â€Å"The visitor could be a beggarman or a thief; it could be Archangel Gabriel, the Angel of Death or a person with good news from lottery office†2. Metcalfe and Game make it clear that, opening the door, one will let the whole palette of life in, thus, changing his/her own pace, which definitely takes guts.Advertising Looking for essay on social sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, Metcalfe and Game touch upon the necessity o f solitude, mentioning that, just because of one single visit, the work on Kubla Khan was interrupted to never be continued again. It seems that the authors are not only showing the mechanisms of the binary opposition logics, but are also trying to break free from its realm. Of course, they do convey the message that there are two key options, i.e. either taking the risks and going where the chance will take you, or sitting there twiddling one’s fingers and fearing the burden of responsibilities. However, it seems that Metcalfe and Game do in fact consider the third option, that is, the possibility of lingering and rethinking the choice. Even as the authors speak of the choice being made, they still make it clear that the moment of choice is another stage that leads to a certain self-development: â€Å"The door has become a curtain that will open to reveal the next stage of my life†3. Thus, the bottom line is that whenever hearing a knock at the door, it is better to t ake chances and open it. Despite the fact that changes lead to the most unpredictable results and can turn one’s life completely upside down, they are a much better option than living a life as exciting as a schedule of trains. Showing in a rather graphic way that opportunity knocks, but it does not beg, the authors managed to explain the readers how unpredictable life can be, making it obvious that a good chance is worth taking a risk.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on A Matter of Life and Death, or Did You Hear Someone Knocking? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Bibliography Metcalfe, A A Game, ‘A knock at the door’ in A Metcalfe A Game (eds.), The  mystery of everyday life, Federation Press, Annandale, AU, 2002. Footnotes 1. A. Metcalfe A Game, ‘A knock at the door’ in A Metcalfe A Game (eds.), The mystery of everyday life, Federation Press, Annandale, AU, 2002, p. 65. 2. A. Me tcalfe A Game, ‘A knock at the door’ in A Metcalfe A Game (eds.), The mystery of everyday life, Federation Press, Annandale, AU, 2002, p. 65. 3. A. Metcalfe A Game, ‘A knock at the door’ in A Metcalfe A Game (eds.), The mystery of everyday life, Federation Press, Annandale, AU, 2002, p. 65.

Free Essays on Napolean And The Rise Of His Empire

Napoleon on the Rise and his Empire Napoleon had a great rise in popularity and power in the late 1700’s and the early 1800’s. He was a well known and respected military leader. His military knowledge made him a very dangerous leader, he was able to capture much of Europe in a very short period of time. His respect and power eventually made him a absolute ruler of France. Napoleon had a very young start to his military career, it all started at Ecole Militaire in Paris in 1784. This was the place where he recieved military training at such a young age. He began to study to be an artillery man and an officer. By the age of 16 his training at school was over and he joined the French army (N. Bonaparte). In war Napolean was a icorrigable improvisor. This military genius knew how to hit the enemy while they were down. It seemed as if he always knew when was the best time to attack a enemy. Napolean had claimed to found his battle tactics from books that were available to any and every soldier. He also claimed that in all of his battles fought that he did not learn something new from his first to his last. Basically what Napolean had done in he career is perfect his tactic, kind of like how you polish a diamond (Jones 58). Napoleon’s strategy had demanded on very exceptional staff work. His staff was always very intelligent and extremely confident, because they were under one of the most brilliant military leaders of all time. Other strategies included taking great risks, and trusting that divisions were at a vital point at exactly the right moment (Jones 60). It all started in 1792 when he was promoted to being a Captain in the army. In 1793 he again received another promotion, now he would be in charge of the artillery at the Seige of Toulon. The big turning point in Napoleon’s military career was made in 1795 when Napoleon saved the Revolutionary Government. This was when he used his ... Free Essays on Napolean And The Rise Of His Empire Free Essays on Napolean And The Rise Of His Empire Napoleon on the Rise and his Empire Napoleon had a great rise in popularity and power in the late 1700’s and the early 1800’s. He was a well known and respected military leader. His military knowledge made him a very dangerous leader, he was able to capture much of Europe in a very short period of time. His respect and power eventually made him a absolute ruler of France. Napoleon had a very young start to his military career, it all started at Ecole Militaire in Paris in 1784. This was the place where he recieved military training at such a young age. He began to study to be an artillery man and an officer. By the age of 16 his training at school was over and he joined the French army (N. Bonaparte). In war Napolean was a icorrigable improvisor. This military genius knew how to hit the enemy while they were down. It seemed as if he always knew when was the best time to attack a enemy. Napolean had claimed to found his battle tactics from books that were available to any and every soldier. He also claimed that in all of his battles fought that he did not learn something new from his first to his last. Basically what Napolean had done in he career is perfect his tactic, kind of like how you polish a diamond (Jones 58). Napoleon’s strategy had demanded on very exceptional staff work. His staff was always very intelligent and extremely confident, because they were under one of the most brilliant military leaders of all time. Other strategies included taking great risks, and trusting that divisions were at a vital point at exactly the right moment (Jones 60). It all started in 1792 when he was promoted to being a Captain in the army. In 1793 he again received another promotion, now he would be in charge of the artillery at the Seige of Toulon. The big turning point in Napoleon’s military career was made in 1795 when Napoleon saved the Revolutionary Government. This was when he used his ...

Business Plan Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Business Plan - Coursework Example Contextually, this business plan provides an overview of ownership and structure of the proposed business along with the team formation that is to be followed in the operational department of the business. The plan also depicts the marketing strategy of the business to penetrate and get established in the market of Liverpool. Contextually, an analysis of the competitors and their strengths and weaknesses has also been depicted in the plan in order to get a comprehensive understanding about the competitive nature of the overall market. The business proposal also incorporates an effective and relevant estimation of investment needs along with the required budget for the first three years from the start-up of the venture. 2. The Business Idea In relation to the present unconventional scenario of the global restaurant industry, a dramatic growth of the buffet restaurant business can be observed as obtaining greater interests of the modern entrepreneurs. The emerging trend of the changing food habits along with growing performance of the world-cuisine business concept have been rapidly demonstrating a greater opportunity for the marketers to achieve a stable business position in the fiercely competitive restaurant industry. ... ost preferred and reliable restaurant company in terms of delivering customers with exceptional and quality based multi-cuisine food items, exhibiting a wide range of global cultures and thereby, taking a plunge towards generating awareness regarding the ethnic richness of the corresponding global nations. Moreover, the other core objectives of the venture would be focused on achieving a minimum growth of 10% in its profitability each month after the start up. In addition, attaining the desired sales target of ?80,000 in the first year and augmenting its annual sales around 15% in the 2nd year of the venture can also be considered as the other primary objectives of the organisation. With regard to the changing trends of the global customers along with increasing demand of world-cuisine restaurants, the primary aim of this report is to prepare an effective and relevant business plan for establishing a multi-cuisine buffet store in the growing UK buffet restaurant industry. The propose d business plan would be included relevant information and idea with respect to the management body, operational functions along with financial projections to be a successful entrepreneur in the growing buffet industry of the UK. In order to increase the efficiency of the proposed plan, the proposal would also focus on accumulating relevant information about the ownership structure and the relevant legal frameworks in order to protect the organisation from different external threats and issues that might be witnessed in its initial phase of development. 3. Background of the UK Buffet Restaurant Industry In relation to the present trend of the global restaurant industry, it is obvious to recognize dramatic changes in the food habits or preferred food items of the global customers. Moreover,