Negative Utilitarianism Essay Example for Free

Negative Utilitarianism Essay Most utilitarian theories deal with producing the greatest amount of good for the greatest number of people. Negative utilitarianism (NU) requires us to promote the least amount of evil or harm, or to prevent the greatest amount of suffering for the greatest number. Proponents like Karl Popper, Christoph Fehige and Clark Wolf argue that this is a more effective ethical formula, since, they contend, the greatest harms are more consequential than the greatest goods. Karl Popper also referred to an epistemological argument: â€Å"It adds to clarity in the fields of ethics, if we formulate our demands negatively, i. e., if we demand the elimination of suffering rather than the promotion of happiness. † (Karl R. Popper,1945) Most forms of utilitarianism hold that we ought to do that which maximises the good and minimises the bad. There is some disagreement about what the good and the bad are whether the good is people being happy and the bad is people being unhappy, or the good is people getting what they want and the bad is people not getting what they want, or whateverbut most utilitarians agree that whatever the good and the bad are, we ought to bring about as much of the former and as little of the latter as is possible. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians are concerned only with minimising the bad. They dont think we ought to maximise the good and minimise the bad, and that when we must choose between the two we must weigh the difference that we can make to the one against the difference that we can make to the other; rather, negative utilitarians hold just that we ought to minimise the bad, that we ought to alleviate suffering as far as we are able to do so. Suppose that I have a choice to make: I can either make the happiest man in the world even happier than he already is, or I can alleviate some of the suffering of the unhappiest man in the world. Suppose further that the difference that I can make to the happy man is much greater than the difference that I can make to the unhappy man. Most utilitarians would say that in this case I ought to help the happy man. As I can make a greater difference to the life of the happy man than I can make to the life of the unhappy man, it is the happy man whom I should help. Negative utilitarians disagree. Negative utilitarians hold that it is more important to alleviate suffering than it is to promote pleasure, and that I should therefore always choose to alleviate suffering rather than promote pleasure when forced to choose between the two. In most supporters of moderate NU the preference to survive is stronger than the wish to be freed from suffering, so that they refuse the idea of a quick and painless destruction of life. Some of them believe that, in time, the worst cases of suffering is defeated and a world of minor suffering can be realized. The big problem with negative utilitarianism is that it appears to require the destruction of the world. The world contains much suffering, and the future, presumably, contains a great deal more suffering than the present. Each of us will suffer many calamaties in the course of our lives, before those lives finally end with the suffering of death. There is a way, however, to reduce this suffering: we could end it all now. With nuclear weapons technology, we have the capability to blow up the planet, making it uninhabitable. Doing so would cause us all to suffer death, but death is going to come to us all anyway, so causing everyone to die will not increase the suffering in the world. Causing us to die now, though, will decrease the suffering in the world; it will prevent us from suffering those calamaties that were going to plague us during the remainder of our lives. Destroying the planet, then, will reduce the suffering in the world. According to negative utilitarianism, then, it is what we ought to do. That, though, is surely absurd. Negative utilitarianism, therefore, is false. References (Karl R. Popper, The Open Society and its Enemies, London 1945).

Partial Birth Abortion Act November 5, 2003 :: Government Politics Abortion Essays

Partial Birth Abortion Act November 5, 2003 On November 5, 2003 President Bush placed a national ban on partial birth abortions. This was an act that many felt was outdated. The same proposal was brought upon President Clinton in 1995, but he vetoed it saying it was a birth mother’s right to choose the fate of her unborn child. A partial birth abortion is the process of removing a fetus from the mother just prior to its birth. This procedure is not painless for the mother, or the fetus. The actual procedure involves removing the child limb by limb from the womb. After the initial limb removal, scissors are forced into the child’s skull and a suction tube is inserted to remove the brains of the child. President Bush’s press secretary, Hatsuhisa Takashima, wrote this speech. The author utilizes the problem/solution argument structure and the rhetorical appeals within his speech. The problem/solution that is apparent in the text of this speech is obvious from the very beginning. The President says, â€Å"that the American government has looked away from this violence, but now the government has confronted the violence and come to the defense of the innocent child.† The partial birth abortion was once seen as a medically necessary procedure, but the President points out it is, â€Å"not only cruel to the child, but harmful to the mother, and a violation of medical ethics.† The elected branches of government have worked together to prevent this practice as a means of a solution to the partial birth abortion situation in this country. The signing of the Partial Birth Abortion Act of 2003 shows a major solution by not allowing the problem to continue. In addition to the problem/solution argument structure this speech has ethos mixed in it also. Hatsuhisa Takashima, the author of this speech, held many high titles in his years working in Japan. Just before being appointed to be the Press Secretary of the United States of America he was the General of Administration and Broadcasting Corporation in Hong Kong. Before being appointed to that title he was the Director of United Nations Information Center in Tokyo. He has been involved in a journalism career for most of his life and his writings have been well acclaimed. In the speech he says many facts that lead one to believe that the banning of partial birth abortions is the best solution to the problem.

Engage in Personal Development in Health, Social Care Essay

1.2 Explain expectations about own work role as expressed in relevant standards. The expectations about my own work role as expressed in relevant standards are to; safeguard clients, to treat them with dignity and respect, to promote independence, to give them choice, and to make sure that they are in a clean and environment. 2.1 Explain the importance of reflective practice in continuously improving the quality of service provided. Working in care requires that in order to be an effective practitioner and to provide the best possible service for those you care for, you need to be able to reflect on what you do and the way you work and to also identify your strengths and weaknesses. It is important to examine the work that you have done and identify areas where you know you need to carry out additional development. 2.3 Describe how own values, beliefs systems and experiences may affect working practice. Everyone’s values and beliefs are affected to different degrees by the same range of factors. These may include: life stages, physical, social and emotional stages of development, employment, socio-economic circumstances, cultural background, religious beliefs and values, education, the effects of relationships, environment. You may believe that everyone should be treated in the same way, however there are differences in approach or attitude you may be unaware of. For example, you may not be aware that you are spending more time with someone who is asking your advice about a course of action which you think is sensible, than you are with someone who wanted to do something you thought inadvisable, there are many other ways in which your beliefs, interests and values can affect how you relate to people. It is important that you are aware of how you may behave differently towards people, because it could make a difference to the quality of your work. 3.1 Evaluate own knowledge, performance and understanding against relevant standards. My job came with a job description, but while that tells me what I need to do, it did not tell me how I needed to do it. To find that out, I needed to look at the Standards that apply to my work. Standards, as with Codes of Practice, will vary depending on the UK country in which you work. Each UK country has National Minimum Standards that are used by inspectors to ensure that services are being delivered at an acceptable level. Finally, and most importantly in terms of how I carry out my work, there are the National Occupational Standards (NOS). These apply across the whole of the UK, and explain what I need to know and be able to do in order to work effectively in social care. The National Occupational Standards form the basis for all the qualifications in the social care sector, and are divided into units of competence. Some of these are mandatory, and I am able to demonstrate competence in these areas. Other units are optional and I am able to demonstrate competence in those units relevant to my job role. In performing my job role, competence means that I have been able to provide evidence that I can demonstrate the skills and the underpinning knowledge contained in the National Occupational Standards. It is important to understand that competence is not only about doing the job; it is also about understanding why I do what I do and the theoretical basis that underpins the work.

Relational Database Of An Ecommerce Website - 1775 Words

Kehinde Akinola Department of Computer Science The University of Texas at El Paso El Paso, Texas, U.S.A. kaakinola@utep.miners.edu Z Specifications derived from the Constraints in a Relational Database of an ecommerce website? Abstract— The project is simply derivation of Z specifications form the constraints in a relational database of an ecommerce website. An ecommerce website is developed from scratch using modern technology WordPress and Bootstrap. I developed the website as well as relational database where the products to be displayed on the website are stored. I used my computer system as both the client and the server for the proper functioning of the website. I installed Wampserver on my computer system and placed WordPress on the wampserver for the proper functioning of the website. The website is an ecommerce website and has few webpages developed and database where the contents to be displayed are stored. These are the databases whose contents will be fetched and displayed on the screen when accessed by the user or client. The constraints in the relational database of the website, is transformed as constraints to the of z specification language. . Keywords— formal method, relational database, ecommerce website. I. AIMS AND MOTIVATIONS There are several millions of websites available today. It has become so common that there is hardly a daily work without accessing the internet. There are also several ecommerce websites available. The most common ones areShow MoreRelatedWalmart s Brazilian Ecommerce Group1173 Words   |  5 PagesBig Data knowledge-empire. An important tool in achieving that has become the Neo4j database. Walmart’s Brazilian eCommerce group chose Neo4j to help Walmart understand the behavior and preferences of these online buyers with enough speed and in enough depth to make realtime, personalized, ‘you may also like’ recommendations, a proven way to maximize revenue. Challenges: As Marcos explained: â€Å"A relational database wasn’t satisfying our requirements about performance and simplicity, due the complexityRead MoreP1 Describe The Technologies Required For E Commerce1664 Words   |  7 Pagese-commerce are as follows: server software, pc, and database, web authoring tools, web server, ports, TCP/IP and the browsers. I will be explaining why these technologies are required for an e-commerce. Web servers A web server is a PC that opens pages on a browser on request. It sends the web address of the page that has been requested to the web browser. They have an IP address and possibly domains and are essential for an ecommerce because ecommerce is online and a web server is what you need to surfRead MoreMis Midterm2956 Words   |  12 Pagesunits. Big surprise! I am using Kuhlman Electric as my example. I will be focusing on the IT impact to Marketing, Sales, and Customer Service. The IT impact on Marketing begins with the Website that often is the way that potential customers can research the type of units that Kuhlman does produce. The website includes product descriptions, an online catalog, the company history and a quotation sheet. The product descriptions are important for those customers who are not familiar with electricalRead MoreWhy Is Big Data A Big Deal For Ebay?1104 Words   |  5 Pagesused. In 2012, itwas estimated that eBay sold $75.4 billion worth of goods on its website.2. What were the challenges, the proposed solution and the obtained results?eBay needs to handle very large volumes of data and use them to provide useful informationabout its customers. Its customers’ online activities generate billions of transactions whichtranslate to billions of reads and writes against its massive databases. The data that it needs tohandle are in various forms, including images of itemsRead MoreApplication Of A Marie Simulator For Questions1079 Words   |  5 PagesWhat is Big Data? Big data refers to the volumes of structured and unstructured data generating from different operational processes of an organization, social media, ecommerce etc. Usually traditional relational and object oriented databases are useful for processing structured data. But unstructured data mostly coming from websites and social medial are useful for businesses. It helps to find critical insight from those data. So, it has become increasingly important to capture and process thoseRead MoreApplication Hosting Using ( Aws ) Amazons Web Service Essay1379 Words   |  6 Pagesservices, databases, and application platform stack required for Apparel Brands hosted application. Amazon EC2 provides a full management console and APIs to manage your computer resources. Amazon Simple Storage Service (Amazon S3). Amazon S3 provides a simple web services interface to store and retrieve any amount of data, at any time, from anywhere on the web. It is durable, highly available, and secure. Amazon S3 also stores multiple redundant copies of data. Amazon Relational Database ServiceRead MoreOnline Ordering System : A Project Proposal Essay2453 Words   |  10 Pageswhen we want to canvas or buy motorcycle model we can see or purchase it easier through the Internet. We don’t have to go to the motorcycle dealer to ask for the price etc. because all the information they need to know about the products is in the website. Background of the study The Powercycle located in Novaliches Q.C. is owned by Siy Cha, it started in Takorong, Mindanao as hardware and consequently of her efforts she get ahead and became successful. Due to the efforts of the owner they becameRead MoreImaginarium Case Study Analysis3672 Words   |  15 Pages†¢ Whether the company is prepared to support the requirements of the fast expansion (human, financial and IT capabilities). †¢ The website is not working at a full potential and this is reflected on the internet sales. †¢ Spanish market don ´t trust purchasing over the internet. †¢ Generate traffic in the website that can conclude with final sales. †¢ Translate the website to various languages in order to adapt to new markets. †¢ Improve the IT capabilities of the company in order to manage the informationRead MoreWebsite for Kudler Fine Foods1752 Words   |  8 Pagesis to provide customers the best produce, wines, and associated needs in an unparalleled customer setting. Kudler brings its customers the finest products from around the world. Kudler Fine Foods wants to improve the functionality of their current website to be more competitive and to offer their unique products to customers everywhere. History The founder of Kudler Fine Foods is Kathy Kudler; she brings knowledge from a previous career as a vice president of marketing. As Kathy relieved her stressRead MoreBusiness Systems And Process / Operations Management1646 Words   |  7 PagesINDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT (Databases) I. A Database is a collection of information that is organized so that it can be easily accessed, updated and managed. Databases can be classified in order to the type of the content: full-text, bibliographic, images and numeric. For any organisation a database in needed to track information about people, clients, including people who support or who might support their programs and services. To manage such information can be crucial but a database allows you to use

Definition and Examples of Prepositional Phrases

In English grammar, a  prepositional phrase is a group of words made up of a preposition (such as to, with, or across), its object (a noun or pronoun), and any of the objects modifiers (an article and/or an adjective). It is only a portion of a sentence and cannot stand on its own as a complete thought. Prepositional phrases often tell where something happened, when it happened, or help define a specific person or thing. Because of these functions, theyre often essential to understanding a sentence. Key Takeaways: Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases are groups of words starting with a preposition.Prepositional phrases often function as modifiers, describing nouns and verbs.Phrases cant stand alone. A prepositional phrase wont contain the subject of a sentence. Types of Prepositional Phrases Prepositional phrases can modify nouns, verbs, phrases, and complete clauses. Prepositional phrases can also be embedded inside other prepositional phrases. Modifying Nouns: Adjectival Phrases When a phrase modifies a noun or pronoun, its called an adjectival phrase. These types of phrases often specify a person or thing (what kind, whose). In context, they clarify a distinction between several possibilities. For example: Sheila is the runner with the fastest time. Its likely there are other runners who are slower, as the sentence is specifying who is the fastest. The phrase is modifying (describing) the noun runner. Adjectival phrases come directly after the noun they modify. The boy with the tall woman is her son. The phrase with the tall woman is specifying a certain boy; its an adjectival phrase. There could be other boys, but the one with the tall woman is the one thats being described. The boy is a noun phrase, so the prepositional phrase is an adjective. If we want to make the boy even more specific, wed further qualify it with an embedded phrase. The boy with the tall woman and the dog is her son. Presumably, there are multiple boys with tall women, so the sentence is specifying that this boy is with a tall woman who has a dog. Modifying Verbs: Adverbial Phrases Adverbs modify verbs, and sometimes the adverb is an entire adverbial phrase. These phrases often describe when, where, why, how, or two what extent something happened. This course is the most difficult in the state. The prepositional phrase specifies where. There might be other courses that are more difficult in other states, but this one is the most difficult here. Lets say its just one difficult course of several in the state, i.e., This course is among the most difficult in the state. The among phrase is an adjectival phrase modifying (describing) the course, and the final phrase remains adverbial, still telling where. She ran the marathon with pride on Saturday. The first prepositional phrase specifies how she ran (a verb), and the second specifies when. Both are adverbial phrases. List of Prepositions Here are some of the most commonly used prepositions in English. Be aware that just because a word in a sentence is on this list doesnt mean that its being used as a preposition in any particular context. Many of these words can also be other parts of speech, such as adverbs or subordinating conjunctions.   aboutbehindexceptoutsideabovebelowforoveracrossbeneathfrompastafterbesideinthroughagainstbetweeninsidetoalongbeyondintounderamongbynearuntilarounddespiteofupatdownoffwithbeforeduringonwithout   Preposition, Conjunction, or Adverb? To tell if a word is a preposition, look to see if it has an object. If theres a clause following it, youre likely dealing with a conjunction. If its at the end of a clause instead of the beginning (or the end of a sentence), its likely an adverb. After In the following example, there is no object following after, and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that after is a conjunction: After we ate, we went to the theater.In the following example, there is an object following after, which means it is used as a preposition: After lunch, we went to the game. Before In the following example, there is an object following before, which means it is used as a preposition: Youve put the cart before the horse.In the following example, there is no object following before; it is being used as an adverb: Ive heard that somewhere before.In the following example, there is no object following before and the word introduces a clause, so its clear that before is a conjunction: Come over before you leave. Out In the following example, there is an object following out, which means it is used as a preposition:  The cat followed the child out the door.In the following example, there is no object following out; it is being used as an adverb:  Would you like to go out for lunch? When these words are part of a verb phrase, theyre adverbs. You check out, look up, and call off something, so these words might appear to be prepositions with objects. But they cant be split off from their verbs. He checked out the book. Out the book is not a prepositional phrase, as you dont go out a book. Examining Your Writing If your writing often contains very long sentences, consider using prepositional phrases as a tool for reorganizing your work when revising. Too many prepositional phrases, however, can make a sentence difficult to understand. This issue can often be fixed by splitting a long sentence into two or three shorter sentences or moving the verb closer to its subject.

Police Officers Charged With The Death Of Eric Garner

ynopsis: The SVU begin work on a case in which a leader of the #BlackLivesMatter movement is sexually assaulted the day after a massive protest following the Grand Jury decisision not to indict the police officers charged with the death of Eric Garner. The case takes a twist when it is discovered that the leader who was assaulted is actually Fin Tutuola s son Ken s boyfriend. In Act 1 of our A plot, Detectives Stabler and Benson enter the precinct notably late. They inform their captain that they were held up because a protest had broken out in the streets of Manhattan and blocked traffic. Detective Tutuola begins to discuss the Supereme Court decision when a young black man enters the precinct, exclaiming that he has been sexually assaulted and wants to report the crime. Detective Tutuola and Benson begin to talk to the young man and learn his name, Alejandro Pavel . They learn that he was beaten and sexually assaulted by a group of men, they discuss how it may be a hate crime. Detect ive Benson and Stabler escort the victim to the hospital as Detective Tutuola begins to file and peruse all the evidence so far. In our B plot at the hospital, Stabler and Benson discuss the current atmosphere of police brutality and community outrage. Stabler believes that the #BlackLivesMatter movement is a modern day, hate group and a neiusence to actual police work. Benson on the other hand believes that while she may disagree with the anti-police sentiment of the group, sheShow MoreRelatedPolice Brutality Against African Americans Essay1500 Words   |  6 Pages Police brutality against African Americans was a huge impact in Los Angeles, California in 1991, and continues to be a problematic situation in America today. On March 3, 1991, a group of white LAPD beat Rodney King. After this incident occurred a lot of negative events started to transpire. A lot of African Americans were angry and demanded justice. The relationship between the LAPD and the Los Angeles commun ity in 1991 were horrific and still continues to be awful today. Police brutalityRead MoreAnalysis Of Michael Brown And Eric Garner Cases991 Words   |  4 PagesFinal Essay Michael Brown and Eric Garner cases are examples of federalism-civil rights debate and government-sanctioned discriminatory treatment Federalism is a concept of a system of self-sustained units of governments and was considered to be the main idea of the U.S. Constitution. Vincent Ostrom’s The meaning of American federalism gives the definition of federalism as â€Å"a system of government where authority is exercised concurrently by a national government and state or provincial governments†Read MoreSocial Media Has Made Us Less Safe1525 Words   |  7 Pagesmedia, all our issues as a society finds its way onto the pages of Twitter, Instagram, Facebook etc.. However, none more poignant than the eroding relationship of everyday American citizens and police commissioned to protect and serve them. Social media has put into the spotlight the behavior of the police as well as the people they serve. Before social media, the events that have flooded the media in recent months, may not have gotten a second glance. However, now every person with a cellphone isRead MoreMichael Brown And The Police Officer109 5 Words   |  5 PagesMissouri, an 18 year old man named Michael Brown was shot ten times and killed by a police officer. The police officer’s name is Darren Wilson. He was 28 years old at the time this tragic even took place. Many Americans, both black and white believe that officer Wilson is guilty of first degree murder when he shot Michael Brown, and other Americans believe he acted in self-defense. Because of the fact that the officer is white and Michael Brown was black, the case has stirred up plenty of controversyRead MorePolice Officers Should Be Tried For Wear Body Cameras965 Words   |  4 PagesPolice Officers Should Be Able to Wear Body Cameras So far over social media we have seen so many police brutality situations where they were in a position of having a stronger voice over witnesses and videos. The way the police system works is that they do not want to see their best men get into judicial trouble. What do I mean by that is having to sit in front of a judge. Looking in on outside of the situations I could tell police officers worked together to try to prove a cop was not in the wrongRead MorePolice Brutality And The Police Essay940 Words   |  4 Pages Police brutality refers to the use of excessive force against a civilian. The controversies that surround the topic of police brutality relate to different definitions and expectations over what is meant by excessive force. Indeed, police officers are expressly authorized to use necessary, reasonable force to perform their duties. As Jerome Skolnick, an influential police scholar in the United States, underscores: â€Å"as long as members of society do not comply with the law and resist the police, forceRead MoreRacism And Police Brutality Today By Cassandra Chaney And Ray V. Robertson1481 Words   |  6 Pagesread was Racism and Police Brutality in America by Cassandra Chaney and Ray V. Robertson. The article begins by highlighting the beating of Rodney King in 1992. Police brutality has gone on for a long time, and with the help of technology it has finally been brought to the light. In 1992, four white police officers beat an African American man named Rodney King. The events we re caught on camera and were aired that night by a local TV station in Los Angeles. In the video the officers kicked, tasered,Read MorePolice Brutality Of African Americans1140 Words   |  5 PagesEmmanuella Valentin May 16 2016 Mrs.Morris English IV Police Brutality Police ruthlessness against african americans have been among us for a considerable length of time . from slave days until the 20 century . Every last one of those passings of these youthful african americans have brought about a great deal of hurt and agony to a considerable measure of families. The most well-known killings in the unified states have been activated upon african americans. The vast majority of these killingsRead MorePolice Brutality And Police Cruelty1118 Words   |  5 PagesPolice brutality has occurred all across the world and is still a major amongst society and police organization. This brutality arranges from assaults, death as a result, of use of force, harassment, Etc. It takes two forms which is physical brutality which includes assaults, and non-physical brutality which includes use of verbal language. Police officers have been granted the privilege of using â€Å"non-negotiable force† (Bittner 1970) to control citizens’ behavior and ensure p ublic order. Police useRead MorePolice Shootings And Its Effects On The United States1042 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout the last two years there have been many police involved shootings where they have killed someone. Some say the cops where right and others say they were wrong in the situation. Are the police right in using deadly force instead of trying a different situation? When is it ok for police to use deadly force and are they right in doing so? In the past two years there have been multiple police shootings, which have been the main topic with police. Some have said that race has played a huge role

RAVE CULTURE Kentith Kaniff Essay Example For Students

RAVE CULTURE Kentith Kaniff Essay Rough draft ged-155This essay will explain rave culture. The reason that I chose to research and write on this topic is that I am involved with rave scene and enjoy going to raves. From researching this topic I discovered that rave culture displays many of lifes simple pleasures, such as dancing. Over the last 10-15 years, a new trend of parties has been evolving. These gatherings are known in the media as raves, and are often simply called parties by those attending them. A rave is an all night event where usually young people gather in a social atmosphere while listening to hypnotic dance music. These parties have slowly evolved into spectacles of total sensory overload. The first is the social aspects, unhindered freedom of expression of ones self through dance, dress or any other mean without fear of ridicule from others. The second is the dancing and its often quasi-spiritual effects on those partaking. The key to the success of raves is the positive atmosphere, or vibe. Raves are renowned for peoples acceptability and tolerance for others. They are safe havens for people who wish to be free from social pressures. Because of this, many ravers (person who attends these parties) are dressed differently then people you would normally see. Bright colors, clothing with different textures and feel, and generally clothes that is very comfortable to dance with. A sense of unity is formed between the partygoers; they attempt to form a community of sorts through there individuality. People feel free to go up to strangers and start up conversations. They also become very comfortable with everyone around them and try to share this feeling with others. This is a very important part of the whole Rave experience. When this occurs, then the party kids can truly feel free to be themselves in every way. This is something quite rare in todays commercialized society, which often dictates what is normal , and what isnt. Seen less and less as a spiritual tool and more as a form of entertainment. Today young people are re-discovering dancing and music in an experience much like people of the past through these all night parties. The music played at raves is very reminiscent of the pounding beats of hand drums, which are ancestors used to dance to. Young people, between the ages of 15-30, mainly attend these parties. At these parties the crowds of people are worked up into frenzies of energy, with people dancing hours on end without stopping. Another part of the rave experience is the lighting and surroundings. In the summertime many parties are held outside in desolate, and sometimes quite beautiful surroundings. Out on the West Coast of B.C., many of the parties during the summer are held up in the surrounding mountains of the lower mainland and around lakes. These serene settings all add to the utopian experiences created by a rave. During the winter months when it is to cold to hold a party outside, raves are held inside banquet halls, vacant buildings, or wherever a big enough size room can be found. Often these venues can be quite plain and boring in contrast to the vibrancy of a party. Stage type sets are brought in to conquer this dullness, usually with a theme associated with the party. The most important part of the backdrop for a party though is the lighting system. In order to fulfill total sensory overload, expensive laser light systems are brought in to aid the whole experience. These lighting systems can co st in the thousands of dollars and are often run by computers. As a DJ is building up the crowd so that they can go off, the lighting and lasers follow suit accordingly. When the DJ has the music peaking and the crowd is going off, the lasers and lights are usually shining as brightly as possible and are flaring off in every direction. .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .postImageUrl , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:visited , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:active { border:0!important; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:active , .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u73ea62eae40af9acf3b3d75e4e3910cc:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Golden Rice EssayRaves are a medium for young people to get together, forgot about the problems in their everyday lives, escape from the world around them, and be free to be themselves for a short period of time. In Vancouver and many other Canadian cities, raving serves as an open-minded sanctuary from many young people. The Vancouver Rave Scene is different from many other American cities because of the fact that Canadian youth are allowed into drinking establishments much earlier than American youth. In Vancouver, many of the youth feel that the Bars and Clubs bring upon many superficial ideas. Raves serve as a place for these youths to have fun without being judged. Disco Family PlanBibliographyWork cited page first and rough copy1. WWW 1. E is for Ecstasy by Nicholas Saunders Chapter 32. WWW 2. Raves for Research or Psychedelic Researchers: the Next Generation. 3. WWW 3. MDMA Frequently Asked Questions4. WWW 4. MDMA Neuropharmacology5. WWW 5. Phase I MDMA Research Update September 19956. WWW 6. Ecstasy Facts and Myths7. WWW 7. Toxicity of Ecstasy by Leon van Aerts, Ph.D. 8. WWW 8. Spiritual uses of MDMA in traditional religion by Nicholas Saunders9. Aguirre, N et al. Differential regulation by ecstasy of 5-HT1A receptor density and mRNA expression in rat hippocampus, frontal cortex, and brain stem: the role of corticosteroids. Journal of Neurochemistry 68(3): 1099-1105 (1997). 10. McCann, U and Ricaurte, G. National Institutes of Health MDMA research controlled study of MDMAs neurotoxic potential in humans. Newsletter of the Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies (Vol. 5 Number 5, 1994-1995). 11. McKenna, D and Peroutka, SJ. Neurochemistry and Neurotoxicity of 3,4-Methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA, Ecstasy). Journal of Neurochemistry 54: 14-22 (1990). 12. Ricaurte, George. Long-term effects of 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, ecstasy) on brain serotonin nerve cells in animals and humans. Addictions 1997: An International Research Journal (1997). 13. Ricaurte, G et al. 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine selectively damages central serotonergic neurons in nonhuman primates. JAMA 260: 51-55. 1988.